Date: 17 October 2024
Opinion Piece By: Tshegofatso Tomodi
Intersecting Oppressions: The Nexus of Gang Violence and Gender-Based Abuse in the perpetuation of socio-economic issues in South Africa.
The scourge of gang violence continues to contribute to cycles of gender-based violence, this further perpetuates unending cycles of poverty, inequality, and socio-economic challenges. Josephine et al (2019), are of the view that socioeconomic opportunities are a critical factor in mitigating these issues, as such, the provision of socioeconomic opportunities is essential in addressing gang violence and gender-based violence in South Africa.
The lack of access to education, employment, and economic stability in disadvantaged communities creates an environment conducive to gang recruitment (Josephine et al, 2019; Maringa et al, 2018; MacMaster, 2007). According to CGE (2024), the place of residence contributes to the vulnerability and allure to gangsterism, this is particularly true in townships and rural areas where equitable opportunities are scarce.
The allure of gangsterism is preserved by the need for belonging for individuals who feel marginalized and disconnected from their communities and the desire to find acceptance and identity (Du Toit, 2014). This search for identity is frequently accompanied by the adoption of specific names, symbols, and codes that not only signify membership but also foster a feeling of camaraderie and purpose among gang members (Du Toit, 2014; Van Der Westhuisen et al, 2022).
Men experience isolation from society due to the pressure to conform to patriarchal norms of being providers, leading to their exclusion when they are unable to fulfil this role (Scott-Storrey, 2023). As a result, their lack of financial support leads to resentment and results in power dynamics which manifests into women abuse and crime.
The perpetuation of gender-based violence by gangs is a complex phenomenon that reinforces harmful gendered power dynamics and normalizes violence against women and children (Govendor, 2020). Through the objectification of women, gangs perpetuate a culture of sexual entitlement, leading to sexual violence and exploitation (Bourgois, 2003). This objectification is deeply ingrained in gang culture, where women are often viewed as commodities or trophies to be won, rather than as individuals with agency and autonomy. Furthermore, gangs reinforce patriarchal norms, where men hold power and women are subjugated, perpetuating gender-based violence (Sánchez-Jankowski, 1991). Belonging to a gang affords individuals with a sense of power, although ranking low within the gang and unable to provide financial security for their families, their proximity to power allows them authority over women, children and the disabled.
This perpetuation of patriarchal norms is evident in the ways in which gangs socialize members to adopt harmful attitudes and behaviours towards women, including physical and emotional abuse. The normalization of violence within gang culture also contributes to the perpetuation of gender-based violence, as members are socialized to view violence as an acceptable means of resolving conflicts and asserting power (Decker & Van Winkle, 1996). In addition to these dynamics, gangs also engage in human trafficking, exploiting women and girls for sexual purposes, and perpetuating a cycle of violence, abuse, and exploitation (Katz, 2011). Moreover, these crimes are done with the intention of creating financial income given the socio-economic and socio-political challenges mentioned above.
Lima-Chantre (2022) asserts that community intimidation and fear also perpetuate a culture of silence around gender-based violence, allowing gangs to maintain control and perpetuate violence against women. Similarly, women’s financial dependence on abusive partners perpetuates the cycle of violence.
In conclusion, where patriarchal norms and structural inequalities are present in communities, it is crucial that women’s economic empowerment is prioritised in combating abuse. Access to education, job opportunities, and economic resources enables women to exit harmful relationships, challenging the power dynamics that perpetuate abuse. Furthermore, socioeconomic opportunities can foster a sense of purpose and belonging, reducing the appeal of gangs. Community-based initiatives, such as mentorship programs and youth centers, provide support networks and positive role models, helping individuals make better choices. Furthermore, through the prioritizing education, economic empowerment, and community development, policymakers and practitioners can create safer, more equitable communities where individuals can thrive.
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